Wolverines Are Large Stocky Animals That Look Like

Wolverines Are Large Stocky Animals That Look Like

Species of the family Mustelidae

Wolverine Temporal range: Pleistocene–recent, two.588–0Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O Southward D C P T J Grand Pg Due north ↓ [i]
Conservation status
To the lowest degree Business organization  (IUCN 3.1) [two] (Global)
Vulnerable  (IUCN three.i) [three] (Europe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Course:	Mammalia
Society:	Carnivora
Family:	Mustelidae
Genus:	Gulo
Species:	Chiliad. gulo
Binomial name
Gulo gulo (Linnaeus, 1758)
Subspecies
American wolverine (G. m. luscus) Eurasian wolverine (One thousand. g. gulo)
Wolverine ranges
Synonyms
Mustela gulo Linnaeus, 1758 Ursus luscus Linnaeus, 1758

The wolverine (), Gulo gulo (Gulo is Latin for "glutton"), too referred to as the glutton, carcajou, or quickhatch (from East Cree, kwiihkwahaacheew), is the largest land-dwelling species of the family Mustelidae. Information technology is a muscular carnivore and a solitary animal. ^[2] The wolverine has a reputation for ferocity and strength out of proportion to its size, with the documented ability to impale prey many times larger than itself.

The wolverine is found primarily in remote reaches of the Northern boreal forests and subarctic and alpine tundra of the Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest numbers in Northern Canada, the U.South. state of Alaska, the mainland Nordic countries of Europe, and throughout western Russia and Siberia. Its population has steadily declined since the 19th century attributable to trapping, range reduction and habitat fragmentation. The wolverine is now essentially absent-minded from the southern finish of its European range.

Taxonomy [ edit ]

Genetic evidence suggests that the wolverine is most closely related to the tayra and martens, all of which shared a Eurasian ancestor. ^[four]

At that place are ii subspecies: the Old World course, Gulo gulo gulo, and the New World form, 1000. chiliad. luscus. Some authors had described as many as four additional North American subspecies, including ones limited to Vancouver Island (G. g. vancouverensis) and the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska (G. thousand. katschemakensis). All the same, the most currently accustomed taxonomy recognizes either the two continental subspecies or G. gulo as a single Holarctic taxon. ^{[ii] [5]}

Recently compiled genetic testify suggests near of Due north America'due south wolverines are descended from a single source, likely originating from Beringia during the terminal glaciation and rapidly expanding thereafter, though considerable uncertainty to this conclusion is due to the difficulty of collecting samples in the extremely depleted southern extent of the range. ^[5]

Physical characteristics [ edit ]

Skull, as illustrated by Northward.N. Kondakov

Anatomically, the wolverine is an elongated animal that is low to the ground. With strong limbs, broad and rounded head, small eyes and short rounded ears, it most closely resembles a large fisher. Though its legs are short, its large, five-toed paws with crampon-like claws and plantigrade posture enable it to climb up and over steep cliffs, trees and snow-covered peaks with relative ease. ^[vi]

The adult wolverine is about the size of a medium dog, with a trunk length ranging from 65–113 cm (26–44 in); usually 94–108 cm (37–43 in) in males and 73–95 cm (29–37 in) in females; continuing 36–45 cm (fourteen–18 in) at the shoulder; and a tail length of 17–26 cm (6+ 1⁄ii –ten in), excluding the concluding furs which may add together a further 10 cm (three.ix in) to this length. Males range in weight from eleven–27.5 kg (24–61 lb), and females vii–19 kg (15–42 lb). ^{[7] [8] [nine] [10] [11] [12]} Exceptionally large males of as much as 32 kg (71 lb) are referenced in Russian literature, though such weights are deemed in Mammals of the Soviet Union to be improbable. ^{[13] [fourteen] [15]} The males are often 10–xv% larger than the females in linear measurements and tin can exist 30–40% greater in weight. According to some sources, Eurasian wolverines are claimed to be larger and heavier than Due north American, with average weights in excess of 20 kg (44 lb). However, this may refer more specifically to areas such as Siberia, as data from Fennoscandian wolverines shows they are typically around the same size as their American counterparts. ^{[14] [16] [17] [18] [19]} It is the largest of terrestrial mustelids; simply the marine-home sea otter, the giant otter of the Amazon basin and the semi-aquatic African clawless otter are larger—while the European badger may attain a similar trunk mass, peculiarly in fall.

Wolverines have thick, dark, oily fur which is highly hydrophobic, making information technology resistant to frost. This has led to its traditional popularity among hunters and trappers equally a lining in jackets and parkas in Arctic weather. A light-silverish facial mask is distinct in some individuals, and a pale buff stripe runs laterally from the shoulders along the side and crossing the rump just above a 25–35 cm (10–xiv in) bushy tail. Some individuals brandish prominent white pilus patches on their throats or chests. ^[6]

Similar many other mustelids, information technology has strong anal olfactory property glands used for marking territory and sexual signaling. The pungent odor has given rise to the nicknames "skunk bear" and "nasty cat." Wolverines, like other mustelids, possess a special upper molar in the back of the mouth that is rotated ninety degrees, towards the inside of the rima oris. This special characteristic allows wolverines to tear off meat from prey or carrion that has been frozen solid. ^{[20] [21]}

Behavior [ edit ]

Diet and hunting [ edit ]

Wolverines are considered to be primarily scavengers. ^[22] A bulk of the wolverine'south sustenance is derived from carrion, on which it depends almost exclusively in winter and early spring. Wolverines may find carrion themselves, feed on information technology after the predator (often, a pack of wolves) has finished, or simply take it from some other predator. Wolverines are besides known to follow wolf and lynx trails, purportedly with the intent of scavenging the remains of their kills. Whether eating alive prey or feces, the wolverine's feeding manner appears voracious, leading to the nickname of "glutton" (also the basis of the scientific name). All the same, this feeding style is believed to be an adaptation to food scarcity, specially in winter. ^[23]

The wolverine is likewise a powerful and versatile predator. Its prey mainly consists of small to medium-sized mammals, but the wolverine has been recorded killing prey such every bit developed deer that are many times larger than itself. Prey species include porcupines, squirrels, chipmunks, beavers, marmots, moles, gophers, rabbits, voles, mice, rats, shrews, lemmings, caribou, roe deer, white-tailed deer, mule deer, sheep, goats, cattle, bison, moose, ^[24] and elk. ^[25] Smaller predators are occasionally preyed on, including martens, mink, foxes, Eurasian lynx, ^[26] weasels, ^[26] coyote, and wolf pups. Wolverines have besides been known to kill Canada lynx in Yukon, Canada. ^[27] Wolverines oftentimes pursue live casualty that are relatively easy to obtain, including animals defenseless in traps, newborn mammals, and deer (including developed moose and elk) when they are weakened by winter or immobilized by heavy snow. Their diets are sometimes supplemented by birds' eggs, birds (especially geese), roots, seeds, insect larvae, and berries.

Wolverines inhabiting the Sometime Earth (specifically, Fennoscandia) chase more actively than their North American relatives. ^[28] This may be because competing predator populations in Eurasia are not equally dense, making information technology more practical for the wolverine to hunt for itself than to await for another brute to make a kill and and so try to snatch it. They often feed on carrion left by wolves, so changes in wolf populations may bear upon the population of wolverines. ^[29] They are also known on occasion to swallow plant material. ^[30]

Wolverines frequently cache their nutrient during times of enough. This is of particular importance to lactating females in the winter and early spring, a time when food is scarce. ^[31]

Natural enemies [ edit ]

Wolves, American black bears (Ursus americanus), brown bears, cougars, and gold eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are capable of killing wolverines, specially young and inexperienced individuals. ^[32] Wolves are thought to exist the wolverine'southward most important natural predator, with the inflow of wolves to a wolverine's territory presumably leading the latter to abandon the expanse. ^[33] Armed with powerful jaws, sharp claws, and a thick hide, ^[34] wolverines, like most mustelids, are remarkably strong for their size. They may defend confronting larger or more than numerous predators such as wolves or bears. ^[35] By far, their most serious predator is the greyness wolf, with an extensive record of wolverine fatalities attributed to wolves in both Due north America and Eurasia. ^{[36] [37] [38] [39]} In North America, some other predator (less frequent) is the cougar. ^[40] At to the lowest degree ane business relationship reported a wolverine's apparent attempt to steal a impale from a black bear, although the bear won what was ultimately a fatal contest for the wolverine. ^[41] In that location are a few accounts of brown bears killing and consuming wolverines every bit well and, although also reported at times to be chased off prey, in some areas such every bit Denali National Park, wolverines seemed to endeavor to actively avert encounters with grizzly bears equally they take been reported in areas where wolves start hunting them. ^{[42] [43]}

Mating and reproduction [ edit ]

Successful males will form lifetime relationships with two or three females, which they will visit occasionally, while other males are left without a mate. ^[44] Mating flavour is in the summertime, but the bodily implantation of the embryo (blastocyst) in the uterus is stayed until early winter, delaying the development of the fetus. Females volition often not produce young if food is deficient. The gestation menses is xxx–50 days, and litters of typically two or three immature ("kits") are born in the spring. Kits develop chop-chop, reaching adult size within the first yr. The typical longevity of a wolverine in captivity is around 15 to 17 years, only in the wild the average lifespan is more likely between 8 and 10 years. ^[45] Fathers make visits to their offspring until they are weaned at x weeks of historic period; also, in one case the young are virtually six months old, some reconnect with their fathers and travel together for a time. ^[44]

Distribution [ edit ]

Wolverine on rocky terrain

Wolverines alive primarily in isolated chill, boreal, and alpine regions of northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, and Fennoscandia; they are also native to European Russia, the Baltic countries, the Russian Far Eastward, northeast China and Mongolia.^{[ citation needed ]} In the Sierra Nevada, wolverines were sighted near Winnemucca Lake in spring 1995 and at Toe Jam Lake north of the Yosemite edge in 1996; and later photographed by baited cameras, including in 2008 and 2009, near Lake Tahoe. ^{[46] [47] [48] [49]} According to a 2014 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service publication, "wolverines are found in the North Cascades in Washington and the Northern Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Montana, Oregon (Wallowa Range), and Wyoming. Individual wolverines accept likewise moved into historic range in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, but have not established breeding populations in these areas." ^[fifty] In 2022, Colorado Parks and Wildlife considered plans to reintroduce the wolverine to the state. ^[51]

Wolverines are also institute in Utah but are very rarely seen, with only 6 confirmed sightings since the get-go confirmed sighting in 1979. 3 of these 6 confirmed Utah sightings accept been caught on video. ^[52] A wolverine, a male person, was finally captured and tagged in Utah in 2022 before being released back into the wild to meliorate understand the animal'southward range. ^{[53] [54]}

In Baronial 2022, the National Park Service reported that wolverines had been sighted at Mount Rainier, Washington, for the first fourth dimension in more than a century. The sighting was of a reproductive female person and her two offspring. ^[55]

In 2004, the showtime confirmed sighting of a wolverine in Michigan since the early on 19th century took place, when a Michigan Department of Natural Resources wildlife biologist photographed a wolverine in Ubly, Michigan. ^[56] The specimen was found dead at the Minden City Country Game Expanse in Sanilac County, Michigan in 2010; no farther wolverines take been spotted in Michigan. ^[57]

Most New Globe wolverines live in Canada and Alaska. ^[xxx] Withal, wolverines were once recorded every bit also being present in Colorado, areas of the southwestern United States (Arizona and New Mexico), the Midwest (Indiana, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin), New England (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts) and in New York ^[58] and Pennsylvania. ^[59]

At that place had been desultory records of wolverines in Ukraine, but it is rather unclear whether the wolverines would have formed sustainable populations. ^[60]

Conservation [ edit ]

The world'due south total wolverine population is not known. The animal exhibits a low population density and requires a very large home range. ^[29] The wolverine is listed by the IUCN as Least Concern because of its "wide distribution, remaining large populations, and the unlikelihood that information technology is in decline at a rate fast enough to trigger even Near Threatened". ^[2]

The range of a male wolverine tin be more than 620 km^two (240 mi²), encompassing the ranges of several females which have smaller home ranges of roughly 130–260 km² (fifty–100 mi²). Developed wolverines effort for the well-nigh part to keep nonoverlapping ranges with adults of the same sex. ^[21] Radio tracking suggests an animal can range hundreds of miles in a few months.

Female wolverines burrow into snow in Feb to create a den, which is used until weaning in mid-May. Areas inhabited nonseasonally by wolverines are thus restricted to zones with late-leap snowmelts. This fact has led to concern that global warming will shrink the ranges of wolverine populations. ^[44]

This requirement for large territories brings wolverines into disharmonize with human being development, and hunting and trapping further reduce their numbers, causing them to disappear from large parts of their old range; attempts to take them declared an endangered species have met with little success. ^[29] In February 2013, the United states of america Fish and Wildlife Service proposed giving Endangered Species Deed protections to the wolverine due to its winter habitat in the northern Rockies diminishing. This was as a result of a lawsuit brought by the Center for Biological Variety and Defenders of Wild animals. ^{[61] [62]}

The Wildlife Conservation Society reported in June 2009 that a wolverine researchers had been tracking for almost three months had crossed into northern Colorado. Society officials had tagged the young male person wolverine in Wyoming near Grand Teton National Park, and it had traveled s for virtually 500 miles (800 km). Information technology was the first wolverine seen in Colorado since 1919, and its appearance was also confirmed by the Colorado Division of Wildlife. ^[63] In May 2016 the same wolverine was killed by a cattle ranch-hand in North Dakota, ending a greater-than-800-mile (1287 km) trip by this lone male wolverine, dubbed Grand-56. This was the showtime verified sighting of a Wolverine in Due north Dakota in 150 years. ^[64] In February 2014, a wolverine was seen in Utah, the first confirmed sighting in that state in 30 years. ^[65]

Country	Population in surveyed expanse	Surveyed area	Twelvemonth	Country of population
Sweden	265+ [6]	Norrbotten [6]	1995–97 [vi]	Stable [vi]
Kingdom of norway	150+ [half-dozen]	Snøhetta plateau and North [half dozen]	1995–97 [6]	Decline [six]
Norway and Sweden – overall [66]	1065 [66]	Overall [66]	2012 [66]	Increase [66]
Finland	155–170 [6]	Karelia and North [6]	2008 [half dozen]	Stable [half-dozen]
Finland – overall [66]	165–175 [66]	Overall [66]	2012 [66]	Increment [66]
Russia	1500 [6]	European Russia [6]	1970, 1990, [6]	Refuse [6]
Russia – Komi	885 [6]	–	1990 [six]	–
Russia – Archangelsk Oblast	410 [six]	Nenetsky Autonomous Area [6]	1990 [6]	Express [6]
Russian federation – Kola Peninsula	160 [half dozen]	Hunting Districts [half dozen]	1990 [6]	Reject [half-dozen]
U.s. – Alaska [67]	Unknown [67]	Kobuk Valley National Park, [67] Selawik National Wildlife Refuge [67]	1998 [67]	Decline [67]
United States – Alaska [68]	3.0 (± 0.4 SE) wolverines/1,000 km2 [68]	Turnagain Arm and the Kenai Mountains [68]	2004 [68]	– [68]
United States – Rocky Mountains [69]	28–52 [69]	Montana, Idaho, Wyoming [69]	1989–2022 [69] [70]	Unknown [69]
Us – California [71]	3 [71]	Tahoe National Forest [71]	2008 [71]	Unknown [71]
Canada – Yukon	9.7 (± 0.six SE) wolverines/1,000 km2 [68]	Sometime Crow Flats [68]	2004 [68]	– [68]
Canada – Ontario [72]	Unclear [72]	Red Lake – Sioux Scout to Fort Severn – Peawanuck [72]	2004 [72]	Stable to expanding [72]
Canada – overall [73]	fifteen,000–19,000 [73]	Overall [73]	– [73]	Stable [73]

In captivity [ edit ]

Captive at the Kristiansand Zoo, Kingdom of norway

Around a hundred wolverines are held in zoos across North America and Europe, and they take been bred in captivity, but merely with difficulty and high baby mortality. ^[74]

Name [ edit ]

The wolverine's questionable reputation every bit an insatiable glutton (reflected in the Latin genus name Gulo) may be in part due to a false etymology. The less common name for the animal in Norwegian, fjellfross, significant "mount cat", is thought to have worked its manner into German equally Vielfraß, ^[75] which means "glutton" (literally "devours much"). Its proper noun in other Westward Germanic languages is like (e.k. Dutch: veelvraat).

The Finnish name is ahma, derived from ahmatti, which is translated as "glutton". Similarly, the Estonian proper noun is ahm, with the equivalent significant to the Finnish name. In Lithuanian, it is ernis; in Latvian, tinis or āmrija.

The Eastern Slavic росомаха (rosomakha) and the Polish and Czech proper noun rosomák seem to be borrowed from the Finnish rasva-maha (fat abdomen). Similarly, the Hungarian name is rozsomák or torkosborz which means "epicurean badger".^{[ citation needed ]}

In French-speaking parts of Canada, the wolverine is referred to as carcajou, borrowed from the Innu-aimun or Montagnais kuàkuàtsheu. ^[76] However, in France, the wolverine'south name is glouton (glutton).

Purported gluttony is reflected neither in the English name wolverine nor in the names used in North Germanic languages. The English word wolverine (alteration of the earlier form, wolvering, of uncertain origin) probably implies "a little wolf". The name in Proto-Norse, erafaz and Onetime Norse, jarfr, lives on in the regular Icelandic name jarfi, regular Norwegian name jerv, regular Swedish name järv and regular Danish proper name jærv.

In civilisation [ edit ]

Many Northward American cities, teams, and organizations use the wolverine as a mascot. For example, the Us state of Michigan is, past tradition, known as "the Wolverine State", and the University of Michigan takes the animal as its mascot. In that location have besides been professional baseball and football clubs called the "Wolverines". The association is well and long established: for example, many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Ceremonious War and George Armstrong Custer, who led the Michigan Brigade, called them the "Wolverines". The origins of this association are obscure; information technology may derive from a busy merchandise in wolverine furs in Sault Ste. Marie in the 18th century or may remember a disparagement intended to compare early on settlers in Michigan with the vicious mammal. Wolverines are, still, extremely rare in Michigan. A sighting in February 2004 near Ubly was the first confirmed sighting in Michigan in 200 years. ^[77] The animal was institute dead in 2010. ^[78]

Marvel Comics character James "Logan" Howlett was given the name "Wolverine" because of his short stature, keen animal senses, and ferocity.

The wolverine is prevalent in stories and oral history from various Algonquian tribes and figures prominently in the mythology of the Innu people of eastern Quebec and Labrador. ^[79] The wolverine is known every bit Kuekuatsheu, a conniving trickster who created the earth. The story of the formation of the Innu world begins long ago when Kuekuatsheu built a big boat like to Noah'due south Ark and put all the diverse animal species in it. At that place was a bully deal of rain, and the land was flooded. He told the mink to dive into the water to retrieve some mud and rocks which he mixed together to create an isle, which is the globe that nosotros presently inhabit along with all the animals. ^[80] Many tales of Kuekuatsheu are frequently humorous and irreverent and include crude references to bodily functions. ^[81] Some Northeastern tribes, such as the Miꞌkmaq and Passamaquoddy, refer to the wolverine equally Lox, who usually appears in tales as a trickster and thief (although by and large more dangerous than its Innu counterpart) and is oft depicted as a companion to the wolf. ^[82] Similarly, the Dené, a grouping of the Athabaskan-speaking natives of northwestern Canada, have many stories of the wolverine as a trickster and cultural transformer much like the coyote in the Navajo tradition or raven in Northwest Coast traditions. ^[83]

Gallery [ edit ]

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References [ edit ]

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External links [ edit ]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulo gulo .

• Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe: Wolverine: scientific articles about wolverines
• Forest Service Wolverine enquiry
• Patsy, V. and M. Sygo (2009). Gulo gulo Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Accessed 8 September 2012.

Wolverines Are Large Stocky Animals That Look Like

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine